Among these secreted toxins are four hemolysins, three distinct phospholipases, an emesis-inducing toxin, and proteases (Higgins and Dworkin, 2012 Soni et al. cereus contamination, whether intestinal or nonintestinal, is intimately associated with the production of tissue-destructive exoenzymes. The representative Bacillus spores associated with pathogenicity are B. Therefore, killing Bacillus spores associated with pathogenicity and deterioration is important for sterilization of processed foods (Higgins and Dworkin, 2012 Leuschner and Lillford, 2003). amyloliquefaciens are the main bacteria that cause degradation of processed foods. anthrax are representative pathogenic spore forming bacteria, and B. are a rod-shaped, gram-positive bacterium that are naturally found in soil and vegetation. One of the most important microorganisms as significant pathogens in humans or involved in quality damage, Bacillus genus such as B. Bacterial endospores, especially Bacillus species, are the inactivation target in various forms of food processing. Many species of spore-forming bacteria are associated with food spoilage (Gould, 2006 Stragier and Losick, 1996). The combined treatment of physical and chemical treatment such as heating, UHP (ultra high pressure), PEF (pulsed electric field), UV (ultraviolet), IPL (intense pulsed light) and natural antimicrobial agents can act synergistically and effectively to kill Bacillus spores in the food industry. Surfactants with hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties have been reported to have inactivation activity against spores. Some food-grade antimicrobial agents exhibit sporostatic and sporicidal activities, such as protamine, polylysine, sodium lactate, essential oils. The important chemical sporicides are glutaraldehyde, chorine-releasing agents, peroxygens, and ethylene oxide. Recently, attention has been focused on non-thermal inactivation methods based on high pressure, ultrasonic, high voltage electric fields and cold plasmas for inactivating Bacillus spores associated with deterioration in quality and safety. Many factors determine the resistance properties of a Bacillus spore to heat, chemical and physical processing, including thick proteinaceous coats, peptidoglycan cortex and low water content, high levels of dipicolinic acid (DPA), and divalent cations in the spore core. read more, and tularemia Tularemia Tularemia is infection that is caused by the gram-negative bacteria Francisella tularensis, which is acquired when people have direct contact with infected wild animals, usually rabbits. The bacteria are spread mainly by the rat flea. read more, plague Plague and Other Yersinia Infections Plague is a severe infection caused by the gram-negative bacteria Yersinia pestis and often involving the lymph nodes and/or lungs. Botulism toxins, usually consumed in food, can weaken or paralyze. read more, botulism Botulism Botulism is a rare, life-threatening poisoning caused by toxins produced by the anaerobic bacteria Clostridium botulinum. Anthrax may affect the skin, the lungs, or, rarely, the digestive. These bacteria include those that cause anthrax Anthrax Anthrax is a potentially fatal infection with Bacillus anthracis, a gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria (see figure ). Such use is contrary to international law and has rarely taken place during formal warfare in modern history, despite the. Many resident flora are actually helpful to people-for example, by helping them digest food or by preventing the growth of other, more dangerous bacteria.Ĭertain bacteria have the potential to be used as biological weapons Biological Weapons Biological warfare is the use of microbiological agents as weapons. There are at least as many bacteria in our resident flora as there are cells in the body. Such bacteria are called resident flora Resident Flora Healthy people live in harmony with most of the microorganisms that establish themselves on or in (colonize) nonsterile parts of the body, such as the skin, nose, mouth, throat, large intestine. Many bacteria live on and in the bodies of people and animals-on the skin and in the airways, mouth, and digestive, reproductive, and urinary tracts-without causing any harm. Some bacteria have been reported even to live in radioactive waste. They live in soil, seawater, and deep within the earth’s crust. There are thousands of different kinds of bacteria, and they live in every conceivable environment all over the world. They are among the earliest known life forms on earth. Bacteria are microscopic, single-celled organisms.
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